This page explains how to place various mathematical characters
on the web via HTML, in lieu of mathemats typesetting software.
The characters have been grouped into the following
categories:
Just click on any of the above to jump to that category. You can
use either the name or the numerical code to reproduce the given
character in any html file. If you can, and wish to use unicode, that's
possible too; just replace e.g.
"U+039B" in the Unicode column by Λ to get Λ.
These entities were taken directly from the
HTML 4.0 specification (Some setup ideas here are modified improved from
vers. at dionysia.org)
Click to jump to section:
... Π Θ Uppercase Greek
letters Θ Π ...
... π θ
Lowercase Greek letters
θ π ...
Punctuation
Letters etc (ℜ, ℵ,..)
or → ⇔ ⇒ Arrows ⇐ ⇔ ←
Geometric Shapes &
Miscellaneous
Name Output Code Output Description Unicode Latin Extended-B ƒ ƒ Latin small f with hook = function = florin U+0192 ISOtech
Greek Alphabet Α Α Capital letter alpha U+0391 Β Β Capital letter beta U+0392 Γ Γ Capital letter gamma U+0393 ISOgrk3 Δ Δ Capital letter delta U+0394 ISOgrk3 Ε Ε Capital letter epsilon U+0395 Ζ Ζ Capital letter zeta U+0396 Η Η Capital letter eta U+0397 Θ Θ Capital letter theta U+0398 ISOgrk3 Ι Ι Capital letter iota U+0399 Κ Κ Capital letter kappa U+039A Λ Λ Capital letter lambda U+039B ISOgrk3 Μ Μ Capital letter mu U+039C Ν Ν Capital letter nu U+039D Ξ Ξ Capital letter xi U+039E ISOgrk3 Ο Ο Capital letter omicron U+039F Π Π Capital letter pi U+03A0 ISOgrk3 Ρ Ρ Capital letter rho U+03A1 There is no Sigmaf, and no U+03A2 character either Σ Σ Capital letter sigma U+03A3 ISOgrk3 Τ Τ Capital letter tau U+03A4 Υ Υ Capital letter upsilon U+03A5 ISOgrk3 Φ Φ Capital letter phi U+03A6 ISOgrk3 Χ Χ Capital letter chi U+03A7 Ψ Ψ Capital letter psi U+03A8 ISOgrk3 Ω Ω Capital letter omega U+03A9 ISOgrk3 ♥
α α Lower-case alpha U+03B1 ISOgrk3 β β Lower-case beta U+03B2 ISOgrk3 γ γ Lower-case gamma U+03B3 ISOgrk3 δ δ Lower-case delta U+03B4 ISOgrk3 ε ε Lower-case epsilon U+03B5 ISOgrk3 ζ ζ Lower-case zeta U+03B6 ISOgrk3 η η Lower-case eta U+03B7 ISOgrk3 θ θ Lower-case theta U+03B8 ISOgrk3 ι ι Lower-case iota U+03B9 ISOgrk3 κ κ Lower-case kappa U+03BA ISOgrk3 λ λ Lower-case lambda U+03BB ISOgrk3 μ μ Lower-case mu U+03BC ISOgrk3 ν ν Lower-case nu U+03BD ISOgrk3 ξ ξ Lower-case xi U+03BE ISOgrk3 ο ο Lower-case omicron U+03BF NEW π π Lower-case pi U+03C0 ISOgrk3 ρ ρ Lower-case rho U+03C1 ISOgrk3 ς ς Lower-case final sigma U+03C2 ISOgrk3 σ σ Lower-case sigma U+03C3 ISOgrk3 τ τ Lower-case tau U+03C4 ISOgrk3 υ υ Lower-case upsilon U+03C5 ISOgrk3 φ φ Lower-case phi U+03C6 ISOgrk3 χ χ Lower-case chi U+03C7 ISOgrk3 ψ ψ Lower-case psi U+03C8 ISOgrk3 ω ω Lower-case omega U+03C9 ISOgrk3 ϑ ϑ Lower-case theta sign U+03D1 NEW ϒ ϒ Greek upsilon with hook sign U+03D2 NEW ϖ ϖ Greek pi sign U+03D6 ISOgrk3
General Punctuation • • Bullet = black small circle U+2022 ISOpub
The bullet is NOT the same as bullet operator, U+2219 … … Horizontal ellipsis = three dot leader U+2026 ISOpub ′ ′ Prime = minutes = feet U+2032 ISOtech ″ ″ Double prime = seconds = inches U+2033 ISOtech ‾ ‾ Overline = spacing overscore U+203E NEW ⁄ ⁄ Fraction slash U+2044 NEW Letters etc ℘ ℘ Script capital P = power set = Weierstrass p U+2118 ISOamso ℑ ℑ Blackletter capital I = imaginary part U+2111 ISOamso ℜ ℜ Blackletter capital R = real part U+211C ISOamso ™ ™ Trade mark sign U+2122 ISOnum ℵ ℵ Alef = first transfinite cardinal U+2135 NEW The Alef is NOT the same as
hebrew letter alef, U+05D0 although the same glyph could be used to
depict both characters
Arrows ← ← Leftwards arrow U+2190 ISOnum → → Rightwards arrow U+2192 ISOnum ↓ ↓ Downwards arrow U+2193 ISOnum ↑ ↑ Upwards arrow
U+2191 ISOnum ↔ ↔ Left right arrow U+2194 ISOamsa ↵ ↵ Downwards arrow with corner leftwards = carriage return U+21B5 NEW ⇐ ⇐ Leftwards double arrow U+21D0 ISOtech Unicode does not say that lArr is
the same as the 'is implied by' arrow but also does not have any other
character for that function. So ? lArr can be used for 'is implied by'
as ISOtech suggests ⇑ ⇑ Upwards double arrow U+21D1 ISOamsa ⇒ ⇒ Rightwards double arrow U+21D2 ISOtech Unicode does not say this is the
'implies' character but does not have another character with this
function so ? rArr can be used for 'implies' as ISOtech
suggests ⇓ ⇓ Downwards double arrow U+21D3 ISOamsa ⇔ ⇔ Left right double arrow U+21D4 ISOamsa
Mathematical Operators and Relations ∀ ∀ For all U+2200 ISOtech ∂ ∂ Partial differential U+2202 ISOtech ∃ ∃ There exists U+2203 ISOtech ∅ ∅ Empty set = null set = diameter U+2205 ISOamso ∇ ∇ Nabla = backward difference U+2207 ISOtech ∈ ∈ Element of U+2208 ISOtech ∉ ∉ Not an element of U+2209 ISOtech ∋ ∋ Contains as member
= "such that"
U+220B ISOtech ∏ ∏ N-ary product = product sign U+220F ISOamsb Note: prod is NOT the same character as
U+03A0 'greek capital letter pi' though the same glyph might be used
for both ∑ ∑ N-ary sumation U+2211 ISOamsb Note: sum is NOT the same character as
U+03A3 'greek capital letter sigma' though the same glyph might be
used for both − − Minus sign U+2212 ISOtech ∗ ∗ Asterisk operator U+2217 ISOtech √ √ Square root = radical sign U+221A ISOtech ∝ ∝ Proportional to U+221D ISOtech ∞ ∞ Infinity U+221E ISOtech ∠ ∠ Angle U+2220 ISOamso ∧ ∧ Logical and = wedge U+2227 ISOtech ∨ ∨ Logical or = vee U+2228 ISOtech ∩ ∩ Intersection = cap U+2229 ISOtech ∪ ∪ Union = cup U+222A ISOtech ∫ ∫ Integral U+222B ISOtech ∴ ∴ Therefore U+2234 ISOtech ∼ ∼ Tilde operator = varies with = similar to U+223C ISOtech The tilde operator is NOT the same
character as the tilde, U+007E, although the same glyph might be used
to represent both ≅ ≅ Approximately equal to U+2245 ISOtech ≈ ≈ Almost equal to = asymptotic to U+2248 ISOamsr ≠ ≠ Not equal to U+2260 ISOtech ≡ ≡ Identical to U+2261 ISOtech ≤ ≤ Less than or equal to U+2264 ISOtech ≥ ≥ Greater than or equal to U+2265 ISOtech ⊂ ⊂ Subset of U+2282 ISOtech ⊃ ⊃ Superset of U+2283 ISOtech ⊄ ⊄ Not a subset of U+2284 ISOamsn ⊆ ⊆ Subset of or equal to U+2286 ISOtech ⊇ ⊇ Superset of or equal to U+2287 ISOtech ⊕ ⊕ Circled plus = direct sum U+2295 ISOamsb ⊗ ⊗ Circled times = vector product U+2297 ISOamsb ⊥ ⊥ Up tack = orthogonal to = perpendicular U+22A5 ISOtech ⋅ ⋅ Dot operator U+22C5 ISOamsb The dot operator is NOT the same character as U+00B7 middle dot
Corners, Angle brackets,.. ⌈ ⌈ Left ceiling = apl upstile U+2308 ISOamsc ⌉ ⌉ Right ceiling U+2309 ISOamsc ⌊ ⌊ Left floor = apl downstile U+230A ISOamsc ⌋ ⌋ Right floor U+230B ISOamsc ⟨ 〈 Left-pointing angle bracket = bra U+2329 ISOtech Note: lang is NOT the same character as
U+003C 'less than' or U+2039 'single left-pointing angle quotation
mark' ⟩ 〉 Right-pointing angle bracket = ket U+232A ISOtech Note: rang is NOT the same character
as U+003E 'greater than' or U+203A 'single right-pointing angle
quotation mark' Geometric Shapes ◊ ◊ Lozenge U+25CA ISOpub
Miscellaneous ♠ ♠ Black spade suit U+2660 ISOpub black here seems to mean filled as opposed to hollow ♣ ♣ Black club suit = shamrock U+2663 ISOpub ♥ ♥ Black heart suit = valentine U+2665 ISOpub ♦ ♦ Black diamond suit U+2666 ISOpub
Box (unicode 2610) symbol: ☐ (☐)
Star (unicode 9733) symbol: ★ (霳)
Hollow Star (unicode 9734) symbol: ☆ (霴)